I was told years ago by a garage owner that fuel supplied to company owned stations (Shell/Esso etc)will be a minimum of the octane advertised, so you may get 96 or higher at a standard 95 pump where as at supermarket sites additives in the base fuel will only be sufficient to get to the advertised grade to comply with trade description. He had no axe to grind with me regarding fuel purchase so I accepted this.
From what I've read about, now all fuel supplied to UK service stations now only ever comes from UK refineries in normal times, and that which refinery will mainly depend on location geographical location, plus most if not all refineries are now owned by companies that are only in the refining and wholesale supply of fuels to fuel management companies, who handle all of the supply and servicing of service stations. So all the previous way of doing things, like Esso only supplying only Esso refined fuels into only Esso service stations - etc etc, is now history. The BS and EN etc standards being quoted on the delivery heads in the service stations only pertains to the base spirit, ie prior to the adding of the essential additive packages, there does not seem to be any standards set on the final "juice" being dispensed from the hose into our tanks, which is not right, there should be standards set on that including water content - and there does not seem to be.
So, right now, the octane rating of any fuel being delivered should be the same, or in the same range as a tanker delivering to say Esso, might drop part of their load into an Esso station and the rest into Sainburys station tanks - though working like that would depend on where there was free space.
I too remember tales form the past concerning fuel, ie petrol quality, a Vauxhall workshop manager claimed that their workshop business picked up a few months after Sainburys opened their filling station locally, he found that disgraceful and something supermarket fuel users should consider, maybe things have improved wrt the additive packages used, but cheaper fuel mainly must come from savings somewhere, and the additive package in petrol, like the additive package in lubricating oils, is the obvious place where savings can be made - but where does overkill come in additive wise, ie the point where "extra/better" makes no sense to the average engine being used in the average way - that is the question that probably can't be answered.
Personally I'd rather see supermarket filling stations being branded by the high street recognised fuel suppliers and discount applied to their prices based on amount of money spent in that
store, ie a loyalty discount, then I might believe that true fuel savings could be made on same product.
Think of Baked Beans, only a few well known names actually manufacture them, but they end up in many different branded tins - and the contents are similar, ie baked beans, but not the same - why should "other" fuel brands fuel be any different and that difference will be in the additive package which modern engines need to work well.