Technically yes filling up in the morning/night when the fuel should be colder means you will get more fuel for your money. The fuel will weigh the same, but you'll get a slightly higher volume of fuel.
However in reality, the fuel held at petrol stations is often quite a distance underground, where it isn't affected so much by a change in temperatures. In fact, it's minimal, we're talking fractions.
It does make quite a difference for aircraft though. If they fill up at somewhere like Egypt where it's traditionally warm they won't get as much fuel in their tanks compared to filling with fuel in a colder climate such as Iceland (all this is based on filling with the same amount of fuel in terms of weight).